The history of the Korean state and the Korean people goes back into the distant past. The favorable geographical position of the Korean state did not leave it aside from the interests of external enemies, occupying an important place in its further development. The period of Korean history we are considering covers, first of all, the establishment of a new dynasty at the top of the state, that is, the rule of the Li dynasty, and the subsequent stages of the development of the state.

    It is known that political instability reigned during this period, although the rulers of the Li dynasty did not come to power at the top of the state until a considerable time after the Mongol invasion. While the founder of the Li dynasty, commander Yi Song-ge, also took the throne, due to his advanced age, a struggle for the throne broke out between his sons.

    Importantly, representatives of the ruling Li dynasty in later periods could not manage any sphere of state administration without managing the apparatus, the socio-economic sphere, the cultural and educational sphere, and even religious affairs. Such rapid reform and development was brought about by a series of transformations that came primarily from kingdoms with administrative capacity, as well as neighboring Chinese states.

    RESULTS

    The fact that the activities of state officials were under constant control, the inevitability of punishment for any person, regardless of his position in society against various abuses, was able to awaken some confidence in the royal rule among the Korean people.

    Although the role of neighboring Chinese and Japanese civilizations in subsequent developments on the Korean Peninsula was also great, in its place, Korean imperial courtiers, scientists were also able to create their own miracles. They were not limited to “relocation or kidnapping” from neighboring countries. It was significant that in later times a person and his rights, such as the right to life, possession of property, were reflected in the laws issued by the emperor. These include edicts such as the ban on torturing people during investigations during the reign of King Yeongjong.

    DISCUSSION

    After coming to power, Lee Song Ge gave the Korean state the name Joseon and moved the country's capital from Kegen to Hanan (Seoul). By the time Lee Song Kyo came to power, he was already quite old. Because of this, disagreements for the throne constantly arose between his sons. His eldest son Li Bang won or Wang Taejong (1401-1418) became the ruler of Joseon. With the founding of a new dynasty, measures were taken to strengthen the centralized government of Korea, which had been weakened. To suppress the opposition, Wang Kongyang and his sons, as well as supporters of the old dynasty, were executed. The former ranks of officials were abolished. Only Wang's immediate family members were eligible for career advancement, while the rest, in particular the "powerful families", could hold positions of the 18th level nationwide. A number of government organizations were dissolved to improve the performance of public administration. Some state structures have been reduced. Under Wang, the highest authority was created - the State Assembly (Ichzhonbu), which consisted of the prime minister and two of his deputies. All state institutions were divided into 6 ministries: 1) officials; 2) finance; 3) defense; 4) holidays; 5) justice; 6) crafts and public works, under the ministries in the state administration, 3 control offices “SA Sam” (control) were established.

    First, the office criticized Wang's erroneous actions and decisions;

    The second one controlled the activities of officials;

    The third was in charge of Wang's scholarly activities and collected materials for writing an official history in the spirit of Confucianism. Thanks to the reforms, an effective apparatus of state administration was formed. In this regard, it should be said that there were 500-600 officials in the capital of the country. Under the Li dynasty, the country's population increased from 3 million to 11 million. To strengthen the centralized power, all separate military formations were disbanded. The regular army, built on the basis of universal conscription, was divided into central and provincial troops. The maintenance of the troops was assigned to the reservists, the basis of which were the peasants. In order to protect the state territory, a system of light signals and a postal service was introduced throughout the country. The country is divided into 8 administrative divisions, which, in turn, are divided into districts, volosts, counties and prefectures. All leadership positions were appointed from the capital. In order to prevent bribery and a split between the leader and local officials, a rotation system was introduced, that is, officials were moved from controlled regions to others. Officials were under constant inspection control, their activities were subjected to formal and covert checks. A special dumbbell is installed in the capital. When calling him, it is reported that officials abuse their activities or their unseemly actions. The lowest-level rural associations were the khaniac, a form of local self-government. His activities included maintaining discipline based on Confucian teachings, establishing penalties for petty theft, allocating funds, organizing schools, supervising the implementation of public works and rituals. The rulers of Joseon consisted of yangbans, which consisted of dynastic clans that were divided into civil and military nobility. Wangbans passed the state examination for the position. Only a small generation of higher ranks could get a position without exams for “service to ancestors” or “noble merit.” Only persons belonging to the yangban clan were allowed to take the exam for civil positions (which was contrary to the norms of Confucian statehood, but from the 16th century it began to be written in the traditional style ), middle-class people and people from provinces were allowed into military positions. Yangbans vary in degree. They are exempt from all obligations. Yangbans became a closed class by registering mutual internal marriage. The growth of the yangban class during the period when public positions were limited, forced the government to impose a number of restrictions on them.

    First, a child born from a second marriage or from a mother who was not a yangban could not be an official or be appointed to the highest positions in the provinces.

    Secondly, a number of fictitious positions were introduced without land and wages, but with the status of yangban preserved. The next class after the yangbans were chunins (“middle people”) - doctors, translators, calligraphers, accountants, lawyers, artists, astrologers, geomancers, other specialists and petty officials. They were exempted from physical and labor duties, like the yangbans. Most often, these were the children of yangbans, born of female captives, for whom this rank was the highest rank in their service career. Chunin also included dynastic petty officials (Sori, Hyanri, Thogimi) - employees of the Chancellery. They are also exempt from labor and physical duties. Next came the taxpayers. This layer was called the Sanins (“common people”) or Yanins (“free people”). They consisted of free peasants, artisans and merchants. Above this layer were wealthy peasants, or Gallians (“idle commoners”), who called themselves yangbans. Below him were the Xinyang ekchon, workers in mining and state workshops, lumberjacks, fishermen, and salt workers. Then came the dependent peasants and people of the “vile professions” (butchers), which included furriers, street artists, mosquitoes and khans (“mean people”). In an effort to increase the number of taxpayers and those liable for military service among the population, the government constantly reduced the number of the poor, turning them into state peasants. A special board in the form of modern passports has been introduced to deregister tax evaders. With the coming to power of the Li dynasty, neo-Confucianism became a new state idea. The need for the progress of society required an active and practical solution of such unresolved problems as the Buddhist orientation to "Nirvana" and attitude to life. Buddhism was declared the cause of all disasters. Buddhist temples were deprived of dependent peasants, and their lands were reduced several times. It is for this reason that Taoism also lost its adherents (the central Taoist temple was closed in Seoul in 1518). Confucian schools were opened in Seoul and the provinces. Along with the State Council, a chamber of state advisers was introduced, which included Confucian scholars. In the 16th century, Confucian temples were founded - shrouds dedicated to Confucian scholars, which eventually turned into local political centers. As a result of the strengthening of the position of Confucianism in Korea, there have been positive changes. First of all, Confucian norms related to all obedience to the king were strengthened, which was an important condition for a centralized state. On the other hand, admitting mistakes and achieving maturity by correcting them were also introduced into the royal family, which led the head of state to innovate in administration, including relatives and scientists in the list. The Korean kings, in their appeals to the people, repeatedly admitted their mistakes and promised to correct them. In the history of Korea, scholars and officials expressed their suggestions for improving the administration of the kingdom.

    The political forces were heterogeneous in shaping neo-Confucianism in the style of the state idea. In the first decades of the Joseon period, the Confucian believers, the "service officials" - the Xiongnu, had a larger sphere of influence and wielded power. However, over time, the neo-Confucians, or Sarims (“forest of scholars”), who put forward the idea of ​​reforms, dominated the life of society. Therefore, under Wang Songjong (1469 - 1494), they held high positions. However, in 1498, during the reign of the regent Yongsan-Gun (1494-1506), on the recommendation of the Xiongnu, many high-ranking dignitaries were killed or exiled. This is due to the fact that during the reign of Wang Sejo (1455-1468), the uncle of the minor Wang Tanzhong (1452-1455) illegally took the throne and sent him to the provinces. In 1457 he sent him a suicide order. During the reign of Wang Chongjong (1506-1544), whom he called a usurper for his efforts to restore the position of Buddhism, the Sarims tried to reform. It was these reforms that somewhat threatened the calmness of “honored officials”, including the appointment of officials through state examinations that led to the discovery of talented people. However, in 1519 the Xiongnu began a new round of struggle, and many reformers died in this struggle. ) Sarmatians were the winners. However, a competing party of Neo-Confucians (“Pundan”) arose between them, initially divided into the Eastern and Western groups, and then the Eastern Party into the Southern and Northern groups. Thus, a number of schools and trends developed in Korean Neo-Confucianism. (1482-1519) founded the legalist school, aimed at building a centralized state based on law.Chong Gwang Cho focused on being educated.He believed that thinking is developed in a person on the basis of knowing the world.It was from this idea that he opposed to make the state examinations for promotion to take the form of a formality, and instead raised the issue of attracting talented persons to government positions, regardless of their social status. There is an opportunity for every person to reach maturity. It is through monitoring the implementation of the norms of morality and morality, mutual assistance that one can help the rural Confucian community. Jeon Gwang Cho put forward a concept called "Royal Way" based on "love for the people" and "fair governance" against ideas based on "strength" and "fear". However, later, during the persecution of the Sarims, the scientist was also killed. In the 15th-16th centuries, a school based on philosophical materialism arose, led by Kim Si-sip (1435-1493) and with Kyong Dok (Hwadam, 1489-1546). Kim Si Sip is considered to be the first Korean philosopher who took the path of atheism. He interprets ideas about the eternity of the soul and heaven or hell, the activities of shamans as false. Luck and bad luck depend on the person himself. Concepts about spirits are a product of fantasy in the minds of people.

    Kim Si Sip was a supporter of the "humanistic management" of the nation. In his writings, the scientist writes about the suffering of the common people and criticizes the luxurious life of the rulers. He says that it is the cruel way of managing people that causes rebellions. One of the famous scientists of this period is So Kyon Dock. According to his views, a person from birth is accompanied by the concepts of humanity and justice. However, air desires and hobbies mislead them. Therefore, it is necessary that a person constantly educates himself morally. Khwadam criticizes not only the nobility, but also the ruler for invading the peasant lands for the Sagan family. The philosopher also opined on a number of rituals that have again become an aimless tradition. XV - XVI centuries - the period of the Reformation, when science achieved great success in the field of cultural achievements and culture. Achievements in the scientific and technical direction were primarily of practical importance. During this period, observation of the weather and clouds was developed, a map of the stars, an instrument for measuring precipitation, topographic instruments, an accurate calendar, musical notation, sun and water clocks were created. At the same time, significant advances were made in weapons, shipbuilding and printing. In the field of medicine, in 1445, a “complex of ways of treatment” (1445), consisting of 365 books, was published.) And a “collection of information about local medicines”, consisting of 85 books (1456), fundamental works were published under the title. It is among these works that the latest book contains 955 articles on the treatment of diseases, 10,706 prescriptions, and 1,477 recommendations for acupuncture treatment. In 1610, the book “Treasury of Oriental Medicine” was published. It contains more than 500 treatises on Chinese and Korean medicine.

Khasanboy Urunov,

Master of Samarkand State University.